Soviet Participation Essay Example for Free

Soviet Participation Essay When the games were reinstated in 1920 and again in 1948, [9]the Soviets initially declined to take part. The primary goal of â€Å"Socialist sports† was to benefit the masses, not the elite athletes. Marxist-Leninist ideology intended all citizens to participate to enhance their own strength as well as the strength of the state. They believed that recreation and the training of the body allowed workers to remain strong and healthy as well as productive. Health and productivity would also lead to building moral character and social responsibility. Since sports were intended for the masses, rather than for an athletic elite, the Soviet rulers saw no use for participation in the Olympic games. Soon after the 1917 revolution ended, Bolshevik leaders established a state-run sports system, which consisted of hundreds of sports clubs as well as two large sports societies run by the secret police and the Army (Rosellini n.pag.). Unfortunately, as quickly as these well- intended clubs were formed, their original purpose began to disintegrate. As early as 1926, the sports clubs were accused of ignoring â€Å"the vast mass of young people† and focusing on the athletic elite, because the sports facilities were straying from their initial goal of supporting the masses and focusing on the athletically gifted (Rosselini n.pag.). Between the World Wars the Soviets remained separate from the games. But away from the rest of the world, they were devising a plan to make their athletes rank among the best in the world. Finally, in 1948, the Soviets and their Satellites decided to challenge the West in the 1952 Olympics. The ruling Soviet party demanded that government officials â€Å"raise the level of skill, so that Soviet sportsmen might win the world supremacy in the major sports in the immediate future† (Rosellini n.pag.). To do this children were evaluated and if found suitable, were taken to live in â€Å"sports factories.† There, children were trained many hours a day and were secretly dosed with steroids. Child athletes were usually between the ages of six and eighteen in these training facilities and could have been taken from their parents as early as the age of three. Each athlete had his or her own trainer, doctor, masseuse, physiologist, and sports conceptualizer to plan an individual program. The outside world remained unaware of the Soviet design for sports dominance. Not until members of the Soviet Union entered Olympic competition did steroid use affect athletic achievement. The Soviet factories greatly threatened the ideals of the International Olympic Committee. Competitive fair play and international cooperation were jeopardized by the Soviet’s desire for political superiority. The factories were a symptom of one of the greatest threats to the Olympic ideals: countries seeking political influence and international recognition. The Soviets used these â€Å"factories† as a way to improve the international standing of their country. If they came out on top in sports they believed they would appear to validate the communist political system to the rest of the world. But, Soviet athletes physically looked different. When swimmer Raik Hannemann was seventeen, his trainer approached him and said, Were going to try something secret, keep it to yourself. It will add two percent to your time and bring you to that extra level of excellence (Rosselini n.pag). Hannemann knew the blue tablets had to do something with steroids, but he didn’t know what the side effects were and trusted his trainer. He was even told to keep the tablets a secret from his parents. Once he took the performance-enhancing drugs his speed immediately increased by six seconds (Rosselini n.pag). Athletes competing in a variety of sports were treated with performance-enhancing drugs, but the swimmers especially boasted abnormal musculature. The judges and spectators demanded explanations, of how these athletes grew so grotesquely strong. Although no medical tests for sports enhancing drugs existed yet, in 1976, performance-enhancing drugs were placed on the International Olympic Committee’s banned substances list in response to the unproven Soviet’s steroid use in the recent Olympic games (Chidlovski n.pag.).[10] A decade later the Olympic committee introduced newly designed doping tests to detect if athletes used the drugs in their training period rather than during competition. Some Olympic events, such as the Hungarian defeat of the Soviet water polo team in 1956 took a large symbolism significance (Sterngass pg. 37).  Drug Use by Other Countries  Of course, the U.S.S.R. was not the only country to seek international recognition through Olympic success. Many other countries have defied the Olympic code by using performance-enhancing drugs as well. â€Å"Sports became a propaganda tool and athletic success was closely tied to nationalism and patriotism† (Sterngass pg.37). [11] As medal counts became more important, the use of performance-enhancing drugs also became more prevalent. Steroids first threatened the Olympic ideals by countries seeking political superiority. Suspicion of steroid use began as early as 1968, but the drugs did not become common until the 1972 Olympic games (â€Å"Steroid Abuse in Sports-Steroid Abuse.com† n.pag.)[12] The East German’s joined in the use of performance-enhancing drugs early on as well. â€Å"In 1968 East Germany’s chief medical officer submitted a report to the government recommending the total and collective administration of steroids to all East German athletes† (â€Å"Steroid Abuse in Sports- Steroid Abuse.com† n.pag.). In the twenty years preceding this recommendation, Eastern Germany dominated nearly every international sporting competition. The East German drug use was yet another effort to prove their own superiority over the West, just as the Soviets had done just a few years earlier. Many East-German athletes were told that they were taking vitamins, rather than steroids. So, not only was the East German government practicing the use of unfair drugs, but they were also lying to their own athletes and jeopardizing the long-term health of the individuals. Since then, as more drugs have been developed, drug tests and methods for testing have also expanded (Benagh n.pag.).[13] In recent years, many American athletes have been accused and have tested positively for drug use. This kind of cheating is highly unethical and defies the Olympic code of fair play and good sportsmanship. Performance-enhancing drugs add a more political aspect to the games, causing less focus on the actual competitive athletics. As more and more athletes defy the Olympic ideals, rules must be regulated even more closely. These changes in rules also affect the spirit of the Olympics, which fosters an international feeling of community and competition. As more athletes break the rules, more stringent oversight ensues. This strict regulation takes much of the integrity out of the games, diminishing the Olympic spirit. In the 2008 Beijing games alone, 4,500 athletes were tested; only eight of those tested positive and were banned from competing (â€Å"OLYMPIC GAMESà ¢â‚¬  n.pag.).[14] But, many more athletes also may have been guilty, perhaps they were not caught because the tests were not rigorous enough. Canadian sprinter, Ben Johnson, was just one athlete who was found guilty after winning an Olympic medal. In 1988, Johnson won the gold medal in the one hundred meter final in the Seoul games, setting a world record and was considered the best one hundred meter runner of his time. However, just three days after winning Olympic gold, Johnson’s urine sample tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs and his medal and records were stripped. Johnson was suspended from competition until 1991, but re-entered the indoor track scene and qualified for the 1992 games, where he placed last. Just one year later, Johnson came close to a fifty-meter record, but again failed a drug test (Whooley n.pag). [15]Marion Jones, a former track star who won five medals in the 2000 Sydney games, was convicted of steroid usage and all of her medals were stripped. Years later, evidence and testimony supported a conviction, sentencing Jones to six months in prison (Mulero n. pag.).[16]

Social Justice - Measure For Measure, Animal Farm, American History X :: essays research papers

Social justice is a topic known all to well in today's society. Such issues as social heirarchial structure and unjust representatives of citizens of nations are issues in need of attention by those in power. Corruption, lies and greed by those in power however stand in the way of this form of justice from occurring, leaving many with little or no social status open to prejudice on race, religious and sexual grounds. Outlined by William Shakespeare in Measure for Measure and George Orwell in Animal Farm is the ease in which power can corrupt. A utopian society is created once a farmer is overthrown from his position in charge of all the animals on "Manor Farm". A set of rules to govern the citizens of the revolutionary society was decided upon and these were to be the fairest and least controversial rules for the citizens of "Animal Farm" to abide by: "The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus: THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a freind 3. No animal shall wear clothes 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed 5. No animal shall drink alcohol 6. No animal shall kill any other animal 7. All animals are equal. It was very neatly written, and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the Commandments by heart." As months passed on Animal Farm, the pigs, who thought they were the dominant force in the running of the animal farm, became more and more in control. Animal Farm, had now become the fairest it would ever be. Word of what had happened to Manor Farm had spread across all of Ireland and England. Animals all over the country were following in their paths led by pigs Napoleon and Snowball. However, as this was happening, Animal Farm was heading to ruin as the pigs became selfish and ignorant. They would now consider themselves above the laws and commandments they had set, as they believed they had set the way for the new society. To a greater extent, leaders Snowball and Napoleon would control and decide the fate of the farm, setting rations, "In January food fell short.

Law 421 Case Scenario: Big Time Toymaker.

Case Scenario: Big Time Toymaker. The parties did have a contract for exclusive negotiation rights as stated in the case scenario. Big Time Toymaker (BTT) paid Chou $25,000 for a 90-day period of exclusivity, thus prohibiting Chou from soliciting or entertaining offers from other parties. The agreement stipulated that unless it was written no distribution contract existed. Prior to the 90-days elapsing, the parties reached an oral agreement and BTT sent Chou an e-mail titled â€Å"Strat Deal† covering the key terms of the distribution agreement reaffirming the oral agreement.This e-mail does not constitute a contract for several reasons. First, this was part of the negotiation process and Chou failed to draft the contract to â€Å"memorialize† the deal. Second, the requirement of a signature is in compliance with the statute of frauds. This is the one element uniformly required to compel a court to enforce. Factors that weigh in for Chou are first, the e-mail sent by BT T’s manager clearly shows delineates the terms of the distribution agreement. Second, BTT’s request for the draft contract even after a month had elapsed.These actions go to show that BTT intended to continue the deal even after a month. Factors that weigh against are first, Chou failed to send the draft contract as he stated. Second, Chou assumed the e-mail sent by BTT took the place of a written distribution agreement contract. Third, he failed to follow up and get an agreement in writing signed. BTT’s e-mail to Chou caused further investigation in the analysis of the first two questions. First, the case scenario states the e-mail was sent by â€Å"a BTT manager,† not the chief executive officer or the like.The e-mail on its own is not sufficient to constitute â€Å"signed writings† within the meaning of Statute of Frauds. Last, the e-mail lacked the typed name of the person at BTT authorized to make the deal. BTT could not back out of the contra ct under the doctrine of mistake. Under this doctrine there has to be a misunderstanding that any of the parties erroneously believe that certain facts is true, or a common mistake shared by both parties (â€Å"Different Types of Lawyer,†Ã‚  2011). In this case no key misunderstanding existed and common mistake made that was operative.According to Melvin (2011),  consideration is most often when the offeror holds an offer open for a period. For arguments sake, and this e-mail constituted an agreement, the consideration would be the one month from Chou received the e-mail and the fax request from BTT. There are four remedies for breach of contract under UCC Article 2. Categorized as remedies of law; the first is compensatory damages, which cover direct losses and costs. Compensatory damages are an attempt to put the non-breaching party in the same position it would have been had they not suffered the breach.Second are consequential damages, which are to cover indirect and fo reseeable losses not covered by compensatory damages. Third is restitution to prevent the unjust enrichment of one party in the agreement. Fourth, liquidated damages are provisions agreed to by the parties when drawing up the contract in the event of a default or breach of contract by either party (Melvin, 2011). Warranties come in two forms, either expressed or implied. The difference in the two is expressed warranties are stated and implied warranties are terms not discussed by the parties yet covered by the UCC.Examples of expressed warranties are often supplied with new automobiles or cell phones sold with lengthy, written, and specific warranties. An example of an implied warranty would be a mason who has become accustomed to the quality of brick his supplier has been providing. A violation of the implied warranty would be the consistency of the bricks changes, and the quality is not as good. Conclusion In conclusion, it is imperative that even if some company is willing to emb ark on an exclusive negotiation agreement does not signify 100% commitment.Both parties need to perform as agreed upon or an unpredictable outcome is possible, even litigation. The key to any relationship in business is communication throughout the process of a deal. Amicable negotiations are speedier and preferable to remedies at law. References Different Types of Lawyer. (2011). Retrieved from http://different-types-of-lawyers. blogspot. com/2011/12/contract-law-doctrine-of-mistake. html Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. New York, New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Nursing Field - 1619 Words

Strengths-Based Leadership in the Nursing Field Introduction As children, many of us were taught that we could be anything we wanted to be with enough hard work, determination, and believing in ourselves. According to Rath (2007), we cannot be anything we want to be, however, we can be a lot more of who we already are. Strengths Finder 2.0 focuses on finding specific talents an individual possesses, so they can then develop them into strengths. Donald O. Clifton created a database containing 34 of the most common talents based on a 40-year study of human strengths. The Clifton StrengthsFinder was created and then evolved into Strengths Finder 2.0. This book focuses on talents because talents are more likely to be consistent through the lifetime; nevertheless, knowledge, skills, and practice also play important roles in personal strengths (Rath, 2007). These talents are then evolved into strengths. After taking the short Strengths Finder 2.0 test my recognized strengths included, in order of highest to lowest, achiever, learner, responsibility , harmony and consistency. This paper will focus on my top three strengths, achiever, learner and responsibility and how these play into my personal life, nursing practice and how finding my strengths can lead to personal growth. Definitions The first of my strengths is the achiever and according to Rath (2007), achiever describes a constant need for accomplishment, an internal fire pushes you to do more, no matter how small theShow MoreRelatedStrengths And Weaknesses Of The Nursing Field1436 Words   |  6 PagesStrengths-Based Leadership in the Nursing Field Introduction As children, many of us were taught that we could be anything we wanted to be with enough hard work, determination and believing in ourselves. According to Rath (2007), we cannot be anything we want to be, however, we can be a lot more of who we already are. 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