Personal Life and Hobbies Essay

One of the biggest problems of human kind is time. Although after retiring from their job people usually dedicate their time to an activity, which they enjoy. An activity that people enjoy doing in their free time is called a hobby. People in general have several hobbies, even if they think they have none, or no spare time at all. Some of them are fond of normal sports like: football, tennis, basketball, hockey or gymnastics; and some people like extreme sport, for instance snowboarding, roller-skating, bungee jumping. Sports are not only hobbies people have. The bug of watching TV all day bites many persons, and some are found of listening music, cooking, reading books and newspapers or even eating. We can say that the pleasure id the most important purpose of a hobby. Hobbies have many advantages like relaxation that can help you get rid of stress; and you can learn new things. A hobby can give you energy, happiness, personal accomplishments and willingness. In spite of these advantages, some disadvantages of having a hobby can appear. A hobby can be a real waste of money. Hobbies can turn into a kind of dependence like for instance a person who watches too much the TV is becoming a couch potato. All in all, if you are a rational person it is a very good thing to have a hobby because you’ll be able to distinguish the good and bad parts of a hobby. I have many hobbies like: playing chess, going out whit my friends, going camping, listening to music, watching sports like football, tennis, formula 1 and others. In conclusion hobbies are very important and we must let them be a part of our life because it will make it more beautiful.

Research Proposal Electronic Health Records

Effects of Technological Experience on Adoption and Usage of Electronic Health Records Introduction The integration of electronic health records in the IT infrastructures supporting medical facilities enables improved access to and recording of patient data, enhanced ability to make more informed and more-timely decisions, and decreased errors. Despite these benefits, there are mixed results as to the use of EHR.The aim of this research is to determine if medical health professionals who lack experience with technology are slower to adopt and use electronic health records (EHR). Research has shown that the healthcare industry is plagued by rapidly increasing costs and poor quality. The United States medical care is the world’s most costly, but its outcomes are mediocre compared with other industrialized, and some non-industrialized, nations. Medical errors are a major problem resulting in upwards of 98000 deaths a year; as a result, patient safety has become a top priority.The healthcare system has been slow to take advantage of EHR and realize the benefits of computerization: that is, to improve access to records and patient data, to reduce incorrect dose errors, avoid drug interactions, and ensure the right patient is in the operating room (Noteboom 2012). Despite the obvious benefits a 2007 survey by the American Hospital Association reported that only 11% of hospitals had fully implemented EHR. Another study by Vishwanath& Scamurra reported less than 10% of physicians in different practices and settings in the US use EHR. Blumenthal (2009) cites only 1. 5% of US hospitals have comprehensive EHR systems.A similar 2009 study by the American Hospital Association shows less than 2% of hospitals use comprehensive EHR and about 8% use a basic EHR in at least one care unit. These findings indicate the adoption of HER continues to be low in US hospitals (Manos, 2009). Understanding the reason for the lack of technological integration is pivotal to securing q uality and affordable medical care. Education expert Mark Prensky (2001) defined two terms, digital natives and digital immigrants, which he used to describe those who have an innate ability for technology from an early age (native) and those who are slower to learn and adopt it (immigrant).This disparity is suggested to play a key role in the ability and desire of professional to use technological solutions in their day-to-day activities. Our intent is to expand this possibility to medical health professionals’ use of electronic health records. Our research will attempt to determine if being native to technology has any impact on a practitioner’s desire to incorporate information technology in to their work routine. We will also see if natives have perform better in health information settings as has been shown in other areas.Previous Research A 2008 study by DesRoches et al. attempted to discern barriers to the adoption of electronic health records. The authors condu cted a survey of physicians registered in the masterfile of the American Medical Association, excluding Doctors of Osteopathy. The authors listed 4 basic reasons the respondents could choose from; financial barriers, organizational barriers, legal barriers, and barriers from the state of the technology. Respondents could further clarify their responses base on subgroups.Financial barriers could include initial capital to implement the systems or uncertainty about the return on investment. Organizational barriers were sub-divided in to physician didn’t want to, the physicians did not have the capacity to, or they feared there would be a loss of productivity during implementation. Legal barriers included fears of breaches of confidentiality, hackers, and legal liability. State of technology included failure to locate an EHR that could meet their needs or that the system would become obsolete to quickly.Their results show that 66% of physicians without EHR’s cited capital costs as a reason. The also responded with not finding a system to meet their needs, 54%, uncertainty about their return on the investment, 50%, and concern that a system would become obsolete, 44%. Physicians working in locations with EHRs tended to highlight the same barriers, though less frequently. The authors concluded that financial limitations are the greatest barrier to the adoption of electronic health records. They do admit that their study, like all surveys, could be subject to response bias.Burt (2005) also surveyed physicians, this time from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a yearly survey conducted by the US census bureau. The authors were attempting to find correlations between EHR implementation and other statistics, such as age, practice size, and ownership (physician, physician group, or HMO). They used regression modeling and bivariate analysis of three years of survey data. They found that practices owned by HMOs were three times more likely to adopt EHR as single physician or group owned practices.Also, large physician group owned practices (20 or more) had an increased usage of EHR over small group and single physician owned. The authors reported that there were no variations due to practice size in the different ownership groups. Physicians’ age did not have any effect on EHR usage. The authors concluded that the ability of larger practices to spread the sizable investment required to purchase and implement the technology over more physicians and services was the largest factor in implementation EHR. Laerum (2001) was the first to look at how individual Physicians interact and use EHRs on an everyday basis.The conducted surveys and telephone interviews with physician in 32 units of 19 hospitals in Norway, because a much higher percentage of Norwegian hospitals use EHR, about 73%. The authors selected 23 possible common tasks a physician that could be assisted by or completed by an EHR. The also collected computer lite racy data, respondent age and sex and overall satisfaction with the system. The authors found that very few of the possible tasks were being utilized in the EHR. The found that on average physicians were using EHR for 2 to 7 of the possible 23 tasks.Most of the tasks used related to reading patient data. The also found that the computer literacy rate was high (72. 2/100) and there was no correlation with respondents age or sex. They gave the users satisfaction as a generally positive rating. Though demonstrating that physicians use EHR less than they could they gave no explanation as to why. Simon (2009) followed the same path as Laerum mentioned above, surveying physicians usage of EHR in practices that have systems deployed. The authors identified ten main functions available in EHR systems deployed in hospitals in Massachusetts.They attempted to determine if these ten functions were actually being utilized or if the physicians were still using paper. The authors deployed mail bas ed surveys, in 2005 and 2007, to physician in Massachusetts. The surveys asked the practitioners if they had an EHR deployed in their hospital, if and how they used the EHR for the ten predetermined tasks, and simple demographic information. The authors found that while EHR deployment grew by 12% (from 23% to 35% of hospitals), the amount of usage self reported didn't change.EHRs were still mostly being used for reading patient data, but there was a small increase in the use of electronic prescribing, with 19. 9% of physicians with this function available in 2005 using it most of the time, compared to 42. 6% in 2007. Linder (2006) expanded on this by asking why physicians aren't using EHRs. The authors also conducted a survey of Partners Healthcare; which supports an internally developed, web based, fully functioning EHR called Longitudinal Medical Record. They also expanded their base to include nurses, nurse practitioners, and physicians.The survey contained basic demographic info rmation, self-reporting skill level with the EHR, how often they used the EHR, and what they felt were barriers to their use of the system. Since this survey was contained to a system that had already implemented the EHR, the authors had removed the typical barriers of capital as reported above, but they still found that 25% never or rarely used the system, and less than 15% used the system exclusively every time, i. e. never took paper notes or wrote paper prescriptions.They found no correlation of EHR usage to age or gender, but did find that nurses were slightly less likely to use the system. The most uprising data was why practitioners said they didn’t use the EHR with 62% of respondents saying they didn't want to suffer a loss of eye contact with the patients and 31% of respondents saying that they thought it was rude to use a computer in front of a patient. Other notable reasons were falling behind schedule at 52%, computer being to slow (49%), typing skill (32%), and p referring to write â€Å"long prose notes† (28%).This was the first study to identify social barriers to the adoption of EHR in professional settings. Since the majority of the research had been unable to identify simple solutions a series of workshops consisting of industry leaders were formed to study the problem. Kaplan (2009) reports that participants convened and discussed current issues and challenges with widespread adoption of EHR. The workshops conclude that while there are still some technical issues with Information technology in the health sector the main focus needs to shift to revealing sociological and cultural problems.Noteboom (2012) took a different method to determine barriers to EHR adoption; eschewing all previous research in to problems with the usage of EHRs. The authors decide to use an approach more commonly seen in social sciences called open coding, a type of grounded theory. This method is almost the complete revers of traditional research in that it starts with data collection. From this data, key points of text, in this case transcripts from case studies, are marked with a series of codes.These codes are anchors that allow key points of data to be gathered. The researcher can then use these key points to construct a theory or hypothesis. Noteboom started with simple interviews with physician, attempting to elicit â€Å"perceptions, meanings, feelings, reasons, and comments† about their interaction with EHRs. The interviewed physician at the Research Medical Center, Kansas City, and labeled the transcripts of these interviews. From these interviews the authors discovered that users of EHR fall victim to positive and negative work cycles.Positive cycles are ways in which the system helps the physician, i. e. quicker reading of patient data or mining historical data. Negative cycles are tasks that take longer like data entry, which was done by nurses prior to EHR implementation, or lack of specific functions for special ists, calculate rad dosage for radiation therapy. Design Our research methodology will consist of a case study of medical health professional, preferably physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and nurse practitioners, currently employed in an institute running EHRs.The primary data will be gathered through interviews to elicit perceptions on ability to adapt to and use new technology, feelings on the implementation of the technology, comments about the systems, and history of their technology use (to determine natives and immigrants). Secondary data will be collected by having competent users observing participants interaction with the system and evaluating their efficacy. Once the data has been collected it will be analyzed to determine if there is any correlation between digital natives and digital immigrants as it pertains to their use of EHR.Special attention will be paid to how often the system is used compared to the theoretical maximum and how efficient the practitioner is compared to how efficient they perceive they are. Requirements to conduct this study are small. All that is required are willing hospitals that have EHR systems installed, hopefully with a diverse staff spanning many age groups and experience levels. We would also require around 5 interviewers who are well versed in assessing software efficacy to conduct the interviews and gauge practitioners’ abilities on the EHR system.Statistical data will be calculated on IBM SPSS or similar. ? References Bates, D. W. , Ebell, M. , Gotlieb, E. , Zapp, J. , & Mullins, H. C. (2003). A proposal for electronic medical records in US primary care. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 10(1), 1-10. Blumenthal, D. (2009). Stimulating the adoption of health information technology. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(15), 1477-1479. Burt, C. W. , & Sisk, J. E. (2005). Which physicians and practices are using electronic medical records?. Health Affairs, 24(5), 1334-1343. DesRoch es, C.M. , Campbell, E. G. , Rao, S. R. , Donelan, K. , Ferris, T. G. , Jha, A. , †¦ & Blumenthal, D. (2008). Electronic health records in ambulatory care—a national survey of physicians. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), 50-60 Kohn, L. T. , Corrigan, J. , & Donaldson, M. S. (2000). To err is human: building a safer health system (Vol. 6). Joseph Henry Press. Kaplan, B. , & Harris-Salamone, K. D. (2009). Health IT success and failure: recommendations from literature and an AMIA workshop. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 16(3), 291-299.L? rum, H. , Ellingsen, G. , & Faxvaag, A. (2001). Doctors' use of electronic medical records systems in hospitals: cross sectional survey. Bmj, 323(7325), 1344-1348. Linder, J. A. , Schnipper, J. L. , Tsurikova, R. , Melnikas, A. J. , Volk, L. A. , & Middleton, B. (2006). Barriers to electronic health record use during patient visits. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings (Vol. 2006, p. 499). American Medical Informatics Association Manos, D. (2009). New study shows few hospitals have comprehensive EHR. Healthcare IT News. McDonald, C. J. (1997).The barriers to electronic medical record systems and how to overcome them. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 4(3), 213-221. Noteboom, C. , Bastola, D. , & Qureshi, S. (2012, January). Cycles of Electronic Health Records Adaptation by Physicians: How Do the Positive and Negative Experiences with the EHR System Affect Physicians' EHR Adaptation Process?. In System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2685-2695). IEEE Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants Part 2: Do they really think differently?.On the horizon, 9(6), 1-6 Simon, S. R. , Soran, C. S. , Kaushal, R. , Jenter, C. A. , Volk, L. A. , Burdick, E. , †¦ & Bates, D. W. (2009). Physicians' use of key functions in electronic health records from 2005 to 2007: a statewide survey. Journal of the American Medical Informati cs Association, 16(4), 465-470. Vishwanath, A. , & Scamurra, S. D. (2007). Barriers to the adoption of electronic health records: using concept mapping to develop a comprehensive empirical model. Health Informatics Journal, 13(2), 119-134.

Sociology

My thesis statement for my classification essay is these three core values of Honor, Courage, and Commitment can benefit our society if we influence and guide our children to live by righteousness by incorporating core values that will help them be a successful citizen. This thesis statement supports my topic of this for this essay. The topic I chose is In order for society to evolve and learn from its mistakes, we must teach our future generation to have values that affect society in a positive and influential way.The categories of lactation's will use to support my classification essay will be Honor, Courage, and commitment and the way these values can influence the development of children character in a positive way by understanding who they are, what they stand for, and where are they going in life. The point I will be trying to make will be that parent need to be leaders an there children lives because they are our future and without good values from their parent it can influenc es their children to make wrong decisions that untimely impacts our society in a negative way.As parents if we are able to connect with our children early on and allow them to discover themselves with positive reinforcement from core values we can help them succeed in life and challenges that can adversely challenge them. Am trying to pursue parents to start guiding and teaching core values to their children before they are influenced by negative values that can harm them in the long run. Therefore, my essay will address good core values that can be beneficial the children in a positive way. Sociology Macro sociology- large scale patterns Ex: Illness: macro could be you get sick and have a lot of doctor bills macro could be there aren't room in hospitals for all the sick people Ex: unemployment: macro could be you don't have any money to buy yourself clothes macro could be a recession BC people don't have Jobs Why study sociology? Making informed decisions, understanding diversity, social and public policies, thinking critically, and expands career opportunities. Making Informed decisions Sociological knowledge will help you make Informed decisions Second guess common sense claims Methods as a criteriaSee the big picture understanding diversity Central theme in sociology Leads to understanding differing characteristics Social and public polices Be able to engage in social change Society Research Theoretical perspectives Involved in applied, clinical, and policy settings Thinking critically Enhances knowledge and problem solving Takes into consideration all views and data Expands c areer opportunities Sociologists find careers in Administrative support Management Social services Counseling Sales and marketing Origins of sociological theory Augusta Comet Papa of sociology Coined term Info should be empiricalInfo should be based on data Saw sociology as study of Social static Ex: education and politics Social dynamics Change over time Harriet Martinets The mother of sociology Translated the work of Comet Wrote the 1st sociology methods book Data collection Objection analysis A feminist and opponent of slavery and rights to elderly Dismissed as too radical Emilee Druthers Believed in the study of social facts Discussed division of labor in society Researched social integration Druthers social facts Believed sociology should study social facts Social facts are external and measurable 3 types: material-demographic on material- communication social currents Druthers Division of Labor Division of labor connects to social solidarity Division of labor-interdependence o f tasks Social solidarity-social cohesiveness Druthers Social Integration First study of data to support a sociological theory Suicide meaningful relationships=vicissitudeAsk some Karl Marx Capitalism Class conflict Alienation Marx: Capitalism Said capitalism produces division Capitalism: ownership of means of production in private hands Breeds 3 social classes Capitalists-owners Petit bourgeoisie-small business owners Proletariat-masses of workers Marx: class conflict Society comprised of haves and have onto Capitalism leads to class conflict haves: exploit workers have onto: resist but depend on haves Bloody revolution lead to classlessness Marx: Alienation Capitalism leads to alienation Alienation- feeling of separation from society Both classes are alienated Proletariat b/c they don't own Capitalists b/c purely profile ? Akers HOW: read rest of chi 1 Tuesday September 2 Thinking Like a Sociologist (chi 1 part 2) Max Weber: Social Organization Society is shaped and changed by: Id eas, religious values, ideologies, and charismatic leaders Understand society wrought Social organization and interrelationships Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism Max Weber: Subjective understanding Subjective understanding of behavior Overstress Direct observational understanding Explanatory understanding Max Weber: value- free sociology Value free sociology Separate personal from the scientific Provide knowledge not personal ideology Jane Adams Co-founded the Hull House (social worker) Leader in the peace prize winner Nobel peace prize winner Contributed to symbolic interactions and criminally Ignored by her male colleagues W. E. B.DUBOS Wrote books on African and black Americans Received PhD from Harvard Helped found NAACP Race problem one of ignorance Seen as radical Beef with Book T. Washington Contemporary Theories Functionalism Conflict theory Feminist theory Symbolic Interaction Functionalism: Overview Founders Comet and Druthers Interdependent parts working toge ther Spence's organic analogy Vital organs functioning together Functionalism: society as a social system Society is composed of major institutions: Like education, government, and more Have structures, organized units Connected Where behavior occurs Functionalism: functions and dysfunctions Each structure has functionsPurposes and activities Contribute to stability and survival Organized units also have dysfunctions Patterns with a negative impact Functionalism: manifest and Latent functions Two kinds of functions Manifest Intended and recognized Latent Unintended and unrecognized Criticisms of functionalism Glosses over inequality of power Narrow view White middle class male lens Application of functionalism to fashion Fashion houses show new styles every season Some catch on and are adopted Wealthy distinguish themselves through fashion Functions to distinguish between classes Conflict Theory overview Emphasizes how and why groups Disagree, struggle, and compete Sees disagreement and change positively Conflict theory: sources of conflict Source of economic inequality race, gender, and other factors acknowledges society functions but asks: Who benefits? Who is at a disadvantage?Conflict Theory: on social inequality Society as a system of Widespread inequality Tensions Between haves and have onto Criticisms of Conflict Theory Overemphasized competition At expense of cooperation Have onto can increase their power Presents a negative view of society Application of Conflict Theory to Fashion Fashion is a way big players a make profit Introduce new options to keep people buying Distracts workers from larger problems Maintain equilibrium Feminist Theory overview Takes conflict theory a step further Women suffer injustice Believe in fair and equal treatment by: Gender, race, age, and more Frees women from traditional expectations Feminist Theory: research on women Lack of research about women Not until after the sass was their research on: Gender roles, fathers, or partner violence Feminist theory: many perspectives Liberal-social and legal reform Radical- male dominance in institutions Global- intersection in developing Critiques of Feminist theoryAvoids different points of view Focus on white female middle class Downplays social class Focus on personal issues Application of Feminist theory to fashion Fashion as patriarchy Takes time and money Fashion imprisons women Symbolic Interactions overview Micro-level perspective analyzing behavior: Knowledge, ideas, beliefs and attitudes People interpret or define actions Symbolic Interactions: constructing meaning Society is socially constructed Meaning is created and modified through social interaction People take into account others in behavior Symbolic Interactions: symbols and shared meaning Subjective interpersonal meaning of symbols Words, gestures, or pictures That stand for something Have different meanings Effective interaction involves: Shared meanings-agreed on definitions Definition of the situation-> perception and reaction to reality Definition of the situation taught by Significant others-relatives and friends Critiques of Symbolic interactions Overlooks macro level factors Optimistic and unrealistic view of choices Ignores the irrational and unconscious Application of symbolic interactions to fashion Clothes as symbols Helps communicate: Who we are Who others are HOW: chi 2 pas 21-30Thursday Seep 4 Examining Our Social World Social Research Social research Has systematic rules and procedures Scientific Method Involves: Exact measurement Accurate recording Once data is collected researchers Conduct an analysis Interpret If possible generalize Basic Concepts Concept Abstract idea representing social life Social changes in different conditions Types of variables Independent Cause Occurs first Dependent Effect Occurs second Control Constant Hypothesis Expected relationship between variables Typically based on previous research Reliability and Validity Approaches t o examining relationships Deductive-general to specific Begins with theory Then data collection Inductive- specific to general Begins with observation Collects data Hypothesis that could be theory Sampling: population vs.. Sample Population Entire group of interest Expensive Time consuming At times impossible Types of Sampling Probability Equal opportunity of selection Random selection Possible to generalize Non-probability No attempt at representing the population Exploratory research The Research Process 1 . Choose a topic Guided by theory 2.Summarize related research Literature review 3. Formulate a hypothesis 4. Describes the methods 5. Collects the data 6. Present the findings 7. Analyze and explain the results Provides new results Refines existing theories Qualitative vs.. Quantitative Qualitative-examines nonnumeric material In-depth description Quantitative-numerical analysis Generalization Correlation and causation Can't prove cause-and-effect Many alternate variable at han d Instead researches use correlation Strength of relationship between variables Sociologist suggest or indicate relationships Correlation does not mean causation Surveys Systematically collects data from respondents Come in many formsQuestionnaires, face to face, or telephone Some surveys use a combination Administer by researchers or self-administer Types of surveys random sample survey random digit dialing computer assisted telephone interviewing surveys sent by computers Inexpensive Simple to administer Fast turn around Face to face have high response rate In depth interview provides rich detail Survey Disadvantages Mail has low response rate Easily discarded if misunderstood Social desirability bias People lie Telephone Secondary analysis of existing data Info collected by someone else Can include many different materials Longitudinal-across time Cross-sectional-at one time Secondary Data Analysis Advantages Convenient Can examine trends Secondary Data Analysis Disadvantages Not have info needed Historical data difficult to obtain Field Research Observing people in their natural surrounding There are different types: Participant observation Nonparticipating observation Ethnologist Field Research Advantages Provides in depth info More flexible Field Research Disadvantages Can be expensive May need to learn a language Can be dangerous Read rest of chapter 2 Tuesday 9/9 Content Analysis Systematically examines communication Speeches, newspapers, songs, and poems Sociology She asserts that people of color organizing often assumes a static framework surrounding liberation and oppression, and that this fallacious assumption transforms potentially-liberating work into self-consuming â€Å"oppression Olympics,† while keeping activists complicit in multiple forms of oppression (Smith 2006:66). Smith's main claim is that her alternative framework titled, â€Å"Three Pillars of White Supremacy'appropriately informs organizing efforts in communities of color due to TTS inclusive approach to distinct sources of oppression.She argues for a framework which multiply addresses the logic of â€Å"Slavery/Capitalism,† â€Å"Genocide/Colonialism,† and â€Å"Orientals/War† (Smith 2006:66). Her framework combats foundational logic which produce and reproduce oppression in communities. To support her claim, Smith provides evidence in the form of historic accounts and contemporary phenomena. She asserts, â€Å"The logic of slavery can be seen clearly in the current orison industrial complex† (Smith 2006:67).She cites several instances displaying the connection between forms of oppression and their implications for people of color organizing. In light of the evidence provided, Smith concludes by opening her main claim up to critique for scholars and activists while expressing belief in her framework as a starting place. She re-emphasizes a need for a new discourse in the politics of solidarity and argues that radical political and economic changes are necessary. Sociology She asserts that people of color organizing often assumes a static framework surrounding liberation and oppression, and that this fallacious assumption transforms potentially-liberating work into self-consuming â€Å"oppression Olympics,† while keeping activists complicit in multiple forms of oppression (Smith 2006:66). Smith's main claim is that her alternative framework titled, â€Å"Three Pillars of White Supremacy'appropriately informs organizing efforts in communities of color due to TTS inclusive approach to distinct sources of oppression.She argues for a framework which multiply addresses the logic of â€Å"Slavery/Capitalism,† â€Å"Genocide/Colonialism,† and â€Å"Orientals/War† (Smith 2006:66). Her framework combats foundational logic which produce and reproduce oppression in communities. To support her claim, Smith provides evidence in the form of historic accounts and contemporary phenomena. She asserts, â€Å"The logic of slavery can be seen clearly in the current orison industrial complex† (Smith 2006:67).She cites several instances displaying the connection between forms of oppression and their implications for people of color organizing. In light of the evidence provided, Smith concludes by opening her main claim up to critique for scholars and activists while expressing belief in her framework as a starting place. She re-emphasizes a need for a new discourse in the politics of solidarity and argues that radical political and economic changes are necessary. Sociology Chapter 1 * Sociology helps people gain insight into themselves and into society, so they can live more satisfying, self-determined, and responsible lives * Paying attention to and making sense of the social world in a sociological way = being sociologically mindful * To be mindful of a thing is to see and appreciate its unique qualities.Ex: mindful of a person = beyond stereotypes and prejudices * People have to be understood in terms of ideas, feelings, desires, bodies, and habits * Sociological mindfulness = practice of seeing how the social world works * Mindfulness helps us see how our lives are intertwined and how our words and deeds help or harm others in nonobvious ways. Ex. acism * Failing to be mindful = diminish or own and others’ chances of living good lives * Mindfulness can help decrease the amount of hatred and conflict in the world * American individualism inhibits sociological mindfulness because it prevents us from seeing our interdependence with others Chapt er 2 * Shared belief is enormously consequential along side shared ideas * The social world is made of: patterns of activity; without ideas we would have no society * The social world depends on ideas invented by human beings * Reasons why the social world is durable: . People refuse to doubt the ideas that hold it together 2. People hold tightly b/c these ideas tell them right from wrong 3. Ideas allow people to feel good about themselves * Most ideas exist only in people’s heads, or are embodied in habit; the invisibility of the ideas that hold the social world together is part of what makes it seem so real. * Invisible b/c they are built into habit. Ex: brushing teeth.Guiding ideas are still there, but only visible as habits * Someone finds a solution to a problem, other people see that it works and adopt it, and eventually the solution becomes â€Å"what everyone does† * Every society is built on a set of practices and to change these practices is very risky. Those who benefit from them are the ones least likely to want to change it (conservative attitude) * The failure to see the social world as humanly made is called reification; the social world is just there.Ex: â€Å"computer technology is the major force behind changes in our economy today† makes the economy seem independent of human beings * Reification makes the people and their choices disappear; the tendency to reify is strong because it can be hard to see where, how, and by whom decisions are made * Reification makes it hard to hold anyone accountable for the good or bad results arising from their actions * Reification makes us feel powerless b/c the social world comes to seem like a place that is beyond human control; we are confusing its reality; forgetting to be mindful of the social world as a humanly made place * People invent and categorize themselves; these things are defined into existence * Ex: race is a result from the invention of schemes for sorting people into g roups so is gender * If we did not label things, we wouldn’t produce certain kinds of people to classify * Identities derive from invented categories, they are not apart of nature * The rules we use to decide which ideas are true are also invented. Ex: truth from books, word of mouth, or proven by science? * Not everyone has an equal say in deciding what is real and true, and truth often bends toward power * The social world could not continue to exist if we did not reenact it every day, in our thoughts, feelings, and behavior * The making of the social world is a collaboration; we can’t make anything social by ourselves Chapter 3 * How you grow up is basically what you continue to see.Ex: men treating women as subordinates at home = that’s what he’s going to expect from women at work * Part of being sociologically mindful is seeing how our actions in one part of life are the causes and consequences of what happens elsewhere; take larger views of things * Pay attention to how different parts of society are connected then we are less likely to make wasteful and destructive choices * One thing leads to another; to see consequences we must first see connections * There is often a connection to a set of ideas that make inequality seem acceptable * Actions are reinforced by what is seen = tradition. Ex: children seeing their parents hiring a person of lesser wealth to clean up after them, learn that people who are rich enough do not have to take responsibility for cleaning up the messes they make * Our actions and the ideas we use to justify them can have intended and unintended consequences because of how the social world works; the social world labels everything based on tradition * Sociological mindfulness can help us see more of what must be taken into account in seeking solutions to moral problems. Ex: connections between abortion and women’s freedom and equality. Social world full of signs called indexes; and to interpret it sociologically is to see its connection to some aspect of how the social world works * Sociologically mindful means trying to see how conditions, customs, and events might be signs that point to other things. Ex: conditions in inner-city areas are indexes of how our economy works. * Our customary ways of doing things encode messages about us; read as signs of what we value and what we fear * People who organize schools are mainly concerned with turning students into good workers * Although things in the present do not merely point to or refer to the past; they carry it with them; knowledge itself is the past living in our minds and habits b/c everything connects to the past * The past shapes how we think and act today; Understanding how people define the past and how they feel about it is part of being sociologically mindful.Ex: men treating women in demeaning ways without realizing it * If we are sociologically mindful about how parts of the social world are connected, we will pay attention to how seemingly little things can reinforce bigger problems * Being sociologically mindful means thinking about how the choices we make today might affect other people, even society as a whole, in the future Chapter 4 * Feelings depend on what happens throughout the day and interaction shapes one’s mood * Sociological mindfulness help us see how our feelings depend on what happens during certain encounters * If we are sociologically mindful we see that individual achievement is an illusion b/c achievement is not really individual it always grows out of a person’s ties to others. Ex: being taken care of as a baby, others giving us opportunities to develop, existence of institutions, and etc. * Mindfulness of the nterdependence we have helps us avoid being egotistical, selfish, and ungrateful * What we know and how we know are the results of our ties to others; we are limited in what we can know about the world and about ourselves, unless we move around and g et a bit of experiences * A perspective takes shape b/c of commonalities and differences * People who do similar kinds of work, solve similar kinds of problems, earn their money in similar ways, and relate to others in similar ways will tend to develop a shared outlook on the world * Differences in knowledge and feelings are not natural, but rather the results of how categories (ex: men and women) are defined and how the people in these categories are taught to feel, think, and act * Sociological mindfulness helps us to see that our individual point of view is really a result of how we learn to relate to others. * Those in more powerful groups will generally know less about people in less powerful groups. Powerful people are even likely to know less about themselves. Kind of like the cost of power is ignorance about one’s self and others. (Ex: it seems likely that blacks will know more about whites than whites know about blacks) * What we know depends on the nature of our rel ationships with others.Being sociologically mindful would mean going beyond individualism and appreciating how those relationships make us what we are * Our behaviors affect and are affected by others therefore mindfulness means taking more things into account before we act (Ex: smoking, violent sports, having babies) * Sociological mindfulness is the practice of reexamining our choices and paying attention to how our choices have consequences for others Chapter 5 * The social life makes us human and turns us into certain kinds of people; everyone is a result of the interaction between these two influences * The workings of our minds, the possession of self-consciousness, our desires and hopes, and our feelings about ourselves, arise out of social life * We often fail to be mindful of what we have in common with others and exaggerate the differences, however our similarities with others are essential to being human. â€Å"The first step to becoming an individual is to recognize tha t you are not one† * What we become as people depends on the ature of our ties to others, and language gives us the power to develop our individual humanity and to connect with others in distinctly human ways * We gather meanings to ourselves from the culture we live in; meaning we gather (ex: black or white, gay or straight, democrat, liberal) give us a sense of who we are * Part of becoming human is the process of coming to know who and what we are * We depend on each other to maintain a coherent and stable sense of who and what we are as persons; identities are public meanings that determine much of what goes on between people and let us interpret ourselves to others quickly * Acquiring language and developing self-awareness are essential to becoming human and to being able to function in the social world (prerequisites to being self-regulating * We are no less interdependent in becoming human than in being human * Valued identities are a source of self-esteem; if you are a ttached to your identities, you will try to act in ways that uphold them.If we are attached to certain ideas we will tend to do things that affirm rather than contradict those ideas * Self-regulation also requires silent knowledge = unspoken knowledge; knowing how to do something without necessarily being able to explain it * Reason does not keep us from hurting ourselves and others b/c human beings always think of ways to make cruelty and violence seem reasonable * Our responses can be either sympathetic or empathetic; we are emotionally responsive to others to protect our own feelings * Feelings about one’s self are affected by the real or imagined reactions of others * The force of tradition arises in large part from our emotional responsiveness to others, which rises from our ability to imagine how others are judging us, and desire to feel good about ourselves * Sometimes we become to responsive to judgments and feel compelled to do things we know aren’t right * Cu tting-off may occur when members of a dominant group feel shame and guilt at the suffering they have caused others; if our actions are the source of a person’s pain we may be unresponsive emotionally * Deciding not to care about certain audiences can be a way to resist oppression * How we organize ourselves to live together also affects the creation of human beings; by being sociologically mindful we do not only see how we become human but how we might live more humanely * Behavior is a product of circumstance not just personality; emotions arise from interactions with others * Part of becoming human is learning what we are supposed to feel in different situations, how to properly display emotions, and how to manage our own feelings and the feelings of others * Thinking aimed at changing how we feel is called emotion work Sociology Sociology 1Midterm 3/11/11 Chapter 01 #005 If a problem is defined as personal, _______ are employed to cope with the problem. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Individual strategies100% B. Collective strategies C. Societal strategies D. Professional strategies Score:2/2 2. Chapter 01 #004 What famous sociologist referred to social problems as the â€Å"public issues of social structure†? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Robert Merton B. Emile Durkheim C. Max Weber D. C. Wright Mills100% Score:2/2 3. Chapter 01 #003 What famous sociologist referred to personal problems as the â€Å"personal troubles of milieu†?Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Robert Merton B. Emile Durkheim C. Max Weber D. C. Wright Mills100% Score:2/2 4. Chapter 01 #002 A problem that has causes and solutions which lie outside the individual and the immediate environment is called a(n) ________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Personal problem B. Social pro blem100% C. Institutional problem D. Societal problem Score:2/2 5. Chapter 01 #001 A problem that can be explained in terms of the qualities of the individual is called a(n) ___. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Personal problem B. Social problem C. Institutional problem0%D. Societal problem Score:0/2 Feature Article –  Sociology Test  16. Chapter 02 #001 The undiscriminating, casual sexual relationships with many people are called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Deviance B. Promiscuity100% C. Homosexual D. American gigolo Score:2/2 7. Chapter 02 #002 A national survey reported that _______ of single men said they did not like a woman who was willing to make love on the first date. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 30% B. 43% C. 50% D. 66%100% Score:2/2 8. Chapter 02 #003 About _______ of married men admit to ever having an affair. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10%B. 15% C. 25%100% D. 38% Score:2/2 9. Chapter 02 #004 About _______ of married women admit to ever having an affair. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10% B. 15%100% C. 25% D. 38% Score:2/2 10. Chapter 02 #005 Sexual activity conducted via the internet is referred to as _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Safe sex B. Disgust ing C. Video sex D. Cybersex100% Score:2/2 11. Chapter 02 #006 Having sexual relations for remuneration is referred to as _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. â€Å"a night out on the town† B. Cybersex C. Prostitution100% D. Fellatio Score:2/2 12.Chapter 02 #007 The oral stimulation of the male genitalia is called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Prostitution B. Fellatio100% C. Cunnilingus D. Cybersex Score:2/2 13. Chapter 02 #008 The oral stimulation of the female genitalia is called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Prostitution B. Fellatio C. Cunnilingus100% D. Cybersex Score:2/2 14. Chapter 02 #009 Prostitutes' Education Network claims that there are more than _______ American women who have worked as prostitutes. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 100,000 B. 250,000 C. 500,000 D. 1,000,000100%Score:2/2 15. Chapter 02 #010 The average work life of an American prostitute is _______. Student Respons eValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Less than 1 year B. 1-3 years C. 4-5 years100% D. Over 6 years Score:2/2 16. Chapter 03 #1 Repeated use of a drug or alcohol to the point of periodic or chronic intoxication that is detrimental to the user or society is called ________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Abuse B. Habit C. Addiction100% D. Social deviance Score:2/2 17. Chapter 03 #10 The damaging effects of alcohol abuse are most obvious in the _________ the individual who is addicted to alcohol.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Addict B. Alcoholic100% C. Mentally ill D. Psychotic Score:2/2 18. Chapter 03 #11 Alcoholism is defined in terms of four symptoms. One of the following is not one of those symptoms. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. A craving or compulsion to drink B. Loss of control to limit drinking on any particular occasion C. Drinking beer instead of drinking liquor100% D. Physical dependence on alcohol Score:2/2 19. Chapter 03 #12 Wha t percentage of Americans identifies themselves as drinkers? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 42%B. 52% C. 63%100% D. 72% Score:2/2 20. Chapter 03 #13 Which of the following groups have the highest incidence of use and abuse of alcohol? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. American Indians100% B. African Americans C. Latinos D. Whites Score:2/2 21. Chapter 03 #14 Which sex is more likely to abuse alcohol? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Males100% B. Females C. Both are equally likely to abuse alcohol D. In fact, neither sex abuses alcohol Score:2/2 22. Chapter 03 #15 What percentage of college students are binge drinkers? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedbackA. 18% B. 26% C. 35% D. 44%100% Score:2/2 23. Chapter 03 #16 Among veterans, the death rate for alcoholics was how much higher compared to that of nonalcoholics? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 1. 5 times B. 2. 5 times100% C. 3. 5 times D. 4. 5 times Score:2/2 24. Chapt er 03 #17 In terms of cognitive ability, alcoholism, costs the user about _______ years of life. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 10100% Score:2/2 25. Chapter 03 #18 Alcohol is a factor in nearly ________ of American Indian deaths. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 3%B. 6% C. 12% D. 17%100% Score:2/2 26. Chapter 04 #1 In 2005, the FBI reported that a violent crime occurred in the nation every ______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10. 5 seconds B. 22. 7 seconds100% C. 40. 2 seconds D. 54. 9 seconds Score:2/2 27. Chapter 04 #10 The text refers to behavior that is treated as criminal only when it occurs before some audience that will be offended as ___________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Public disorder crimes100% B. Illegal service crimes C. Crimes of negligence D. Victim related crimes Score:2/2 28. Chapter 04 #11According to your text, crimes that involve unintended victims such as reckless manslaughter a re called ____________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Crimes of negligence B. Public disorder crimes C. Illegal service crimes D. Crimes of violence0% Score:0/2 29. Chapter 04 #12 Any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is used to commit the offense is called __________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Technological crime B. Modern crime C. Computer crime100% D. Felonies Score:2/2 30. Chapter 04 #13 Crimes committed by respectable citizens in the course of their work are called _______.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Crimes of business B. Petty offenses C. White-collar crimes100% D. Crimes of the upper class Score:2/2 31. Chapter 05 #1 According to this text, the use of force to kill, injury, or abuse others is defined as _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Murder B. Simple assault C. Violence100% D. Psychosis Score:2/2 32. Chapter 05 #10 It is estimated that the medical cost of gunshot injuries in just one year are about ____. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. One million dollars B. 50 million dollars C. 500 million dollars D. 2 billion dollars100%Score:2/2 33. Chapter 05 #11 The 1992, the Los Angeles riot resulted in an estimated loss of _________ from the damages. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. One million dollars B. 50 million dollars C. 500 million dollars D. 1 billion dollars100% Score:2/2 34. Chapter 05 #12 Violence has been linked with a human need to be ______________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Stupid B. Aggressive100% C. Scared D. Humble Score:2/2 35. Chapter 05 #13 Most psychologists argue that aggression is related to _____________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Fear B. Over education C. Frustration100%D. Envy Score:2/2 36. Chapter 05 #14 Forceful, offensive, or hostile behavior toward another person or society is called _______. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Aggression100% B. Psyc hosis C. Envy D. Humbleness Score:2/2 37. Chapter 05 #15 Studies using national samples have concluded that over time, the use of physical punishment on children ______________________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Causes the child to behave over long term B. Causes the child to behave in the short term and the long term C. Increases the likelihood of delinquent and antisocial behavior by children100%D. Creates a more stable and controllable child Score:2/2 38. Chapter 05 #16 The committee that investigated the 1968 riot at the Democratic Convention concluded that it was ___________________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. A police riot100% B. Caused by the news media C. Caused by the long haired hippies D. Caused by liberal professors Score:2/2 39. Chapter 05 #17 Your text suggests, that Americans tend to expect and approve violence in the name of ___________. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Freedom B. Democracy C. Justice D. Social o rder100% Score:2/2 40. Chapter 05 #18 Why is Dr.Barnett Slepian important to the study of violence? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. He was mugged by a group of Latin Kings on the New York subway B. He developed many theories of juvenile delinquency C. He was the seventh physician killed by the antiabortion movement100% D. He was the author of a report called â€Å"Violence in America† Score:2/2 41. Chapter 05 #19 In 2005, what percentage of American homes had guns? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40%100% Score:2/2 42. Chapter 05 #2 Intimate violence includes all age groups, but is it highest among females between the ages of _____.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 16 and 24100% B. 21 and 25 C. 25 and 30 D. 30 and 40 Score:2/2 43. Chapter 05 #20 What percentage of homicides are committed with a firearm? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70%100% Score:2/2 44. Chapter 05 #21 Since 1 960, approximately how many Americans have died of a gun related death? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. More than one million people100% B. 500,000 people C. 250,000 D. 100,000 Score:2/2 45. Chapter 05 #22 The homicide rate in the United States is _____ times higher than that of Western Europe.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. The homicide rate in the U. S. is the same as in Europe B. 20% C. 3 D. 4 Score:0/2 46. Chapter 06 #1 It was not until _______, that the public began to identify poverty as one of America's serious problems. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 1941 B. 1950 C. 1965100% D. 1984 Score:2/2 47. Chapter 06 #10 What percentage of the American population is poor? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 7. 1 B. 9. 9 C. 12. 6100% D. 21. 1 Score:2/2 48. Chapter 06 #11 During the 1960s and 1970s, the amount of poverty in the United States ________.Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Increased0% B. Decreased C. Remain ed the same D. Increased in the north but decreased in the south Score:0/2 49. Chapter 06 #12 By the age of fifty, ________ of Americans will have been in poverty for at least a year. Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. 20% B. 30% C. 42%100% D. 50% Score:2/2 50. Chapter 06 #13 Which of the following families has the greatest chance of being poor? Student ResponseValueCorrect AnswerFeedback A. Married white father and mother B. Married black father and mother C. Single white mother0% D. Single black mother Score:0/2 Sociology Jamari Omene-Smith Introduction to Sociology/Final Reflection Paper * Part 1 Sociology, the scientific study of social groups (Chapter 1 Module 1), focuses primly on how our social relationships not only influence our behavior but the development of society as a whole. Sociologists analyze social phenomena at different levels and from different perspectives. From concrete interpretations to sweeping generalizations of society and social behavior, sociologists study everything from specific events (the micro level of analysis of small social patterns) to the â€Å"big picture† (the macro level of analysis of large social patterns).The pioneering European sociologists, however, also offered a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society and its workings. Their views form the basis for today's theoretical perspectives which provide sociologists with a concrete framework of philosophical positions for asking certain kinds of questions about society and its people. Sociol ogists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: Interactionist, Functionalist, and Conflict (Chapter 1 Module 3).These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. The Functionalist perspective views each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole. An example of this is could be the cow worship in Indian society as the preservation of the cow allows it to plow the fields and produce milk, both of which are essential to long term survival of the inhabitants. In addition, the cow’s feces double as fertilizer as well as fuel for cooking.On the opposite side of the spectrum is the Conflict perspective that assumes social behavior is best understood through tension between groups over power and the allocation of resources such as housing, money, services, and political representation. While this doesn’t always involve violence, such conflicts can b e seen in labor negotiations, political elections, or the Occupy movement. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists hallenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. Lastly, Interactionists generalize everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. This perspective directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber's assertion(Chapter 1 Module 2) that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world.Symbols have a shared social meaning that is understood and recognized by the entirety of a society. Widely recognized symbols such as tattoos, bumper stickers, and house flags allow individuals to communicate their values and beliefs to those around them. This nonverbal communication also consists of bodily gestures, facial expressions, and postures (Chapter 1 Module 3). Personally, I agree with some aspects of both the Functionalist and Conflict perspective as they present and image of how society should be construed and what it actually is.To explain, functionalism appeals to my idealistic way of thinking as it relates to stability, order, and cohesion. I believed such a construct was fairly possible when examining our democratic from of government. In theory, the system is made to provide equal representation as well as flexibility in respect to the voice of the people such as the several amendments made to the constitution as well as our right to decide our government officials through the election process. Unfortunately, this syste m is great in theory but rarely comes into practice which leads to my belief in the conflict perspective.The constant struggle between the top 1% and the middle class is fairly apparent in respect to education, taxes, and healthcare. This is due to the 1% having a strong influence over the private sector as well as controlling the majority of the wealth. These shape the patterns of everyday life as well as things such as racial, ethnic, and class inequality and relations among nations and regions of the world. All in all, the conflict perspective represents the realistic way in which I view the world while the functionalist beckons to my belief in a harmony and justice that can be attained with the proper execution of our democratic system.While these views may contradict each other they also present the two ways I see the world: how things actually are and what they could be. * Part 2 Society can greatly impact the individual through its culture. As stated in Chapter 3 Module 9 cul ture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. Each society’s distinctive culture presents its own form of cuisine, forms of recreation, family structure, and standards of right and wrong. These specific characteristics highly influence who we develop into as individuals.In turn we impact society with our actions being separate individuals which create the culture through mutual cooperation. For example, if enough people vote in a new precedent that legalizes marijuana the culture is affected in a way that creates a new social norm. This adaptation of the set standard of rules and values that shape the society comes directly from the individuals that inhabit it. Social structure refers to the manner in which human relations and patterns of interaction repeat themselves in organized and â€Å"structured† ways(Chapter 5 Module 16).Analyses of social structure point to the manner in which there are inequalities in human societies. Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identified as â€Å"institutions,† may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence; that is, institutions arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self-organization, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual humans involved.As mechanisms of social interaction, societal institutions greatly influence individuals by setting certain expectations, goals, and regulations. They act as an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on social such as: Government, Family, Education, and Media (Chapter 5 Module 16). Inequalities in these institutions can be see through the conflict perspective which views them as having inherently conservative natures, operating in gendered and racist environments, and help maintain privileges of the most powerful individuals a nd groups within society.For example, public schools are mostly financed by property taxes. This arrangement allows more affluent areas to provide their children with better equipped schools and better paid teachers than the low income areas that can afford such resources. This inequality in the education system results in countless dropouts which contribute to the rising crime rate. Inequality based on gender, economic status, race, and ethnicity thrives in such an environment to which we might add discrimination based on age, physical, disability, and sexual orientation.Horace Miner’s â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† was one of the few readings in the class that challenged me sociologically by likening the current American society to a primitive tribe with clever wordplay. Even if the title isn’t an obvious indicator that it is American backwards, there are indicators in the story that help reveal the topic that is being discussed. Starting with a brief h istory of how the nation became the way it is, with Notgnishaw cutting down the cherry tree. Even to young children this idea of cutting down the tree may seem familiar, and it should because it is really Washington that cut the tree down.The title Washington was spelled backwards to add an interesting twist to this story. Many people do not realize that words are backward; this idea gives readers the sense that this may actually be a tribe. The events that take place in our everyday lives are described as rituals. These rituals that are talked about are made to sound like the culture that partakes in such things is crazy. It starts with the ritual of getting ready in the morning, as a long drawn out process. The story then moves to talk about how American people have cabinets full of medications that supposedly make us better.However, most the medications are used once or twice, but then left in the cabinet. Along with the amount of medications, there are the trips to the hospital that most people find necessary. Most adults are not afraid to go to the doctor for an illness, which only leads to more medications, but children have a fear of the people in white coats. Horace Miner demonstrates that â€Å"attitudes about the body† have a pervasive influence on many institutions in Nacirema society. Basically, he uses this entire article as a way to describe American rituals from an outsider's point of view.The sociological standpoint is that culture is based on rituals and that each culture defines its reality and acceptable behavior and chooses its authorities by rituals. These rituals help us discover our knowledge because it makes the rituals the authority and those who follow it the ones that know the truth as our society defines it. Sociologists define rituals as what you do on a regular basis, repeated over time; that which binds people together; shared beliefs; assigned roles; loyalty.Structural-functional sociologist Emile Durkheim theorized that rituals support social order and roles and shared sets of values holds people together. Since rituals enforce these roles and values, they create social solidarity. * Part 3 Class refers to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income (Chapter 8 Module 26). Sociologists typically use three methods to determine social class: the objective method that measures and analyzes â€Å"hard† facts, the subjective method asks which people what they think of themselves, and the reputational method that asks what people think of others.Results from these three research methods suggests that in the United States today approximately 15 to 20 percent are in the poor, lower class; 30 to 40 percent are in the working class; 40 to 50 percent are in the middle class; and 1 to 3 percent are in the rich, upper class. Wherever their money comes from, the upper class is exceptionally rich. They have more money than they could possibly spend, which leaves them with much leisure ti me for cultivating a variety of interests.They live in exclusive neighborhoods, gather at expensive social clubs, and send their children to the finest schools. As might be expected, they also exercise a great deal of influence and power both nationally and globally. Class tends to be a touch subject especially in America as it reflects on the vast economic and social divide present in a country founded on the premise of being a land of opportunity. The United States is not a classless society. For example, people with a certain quality of life raise children differently than those with a different quality of life.It is also very difficult for one to move from a certain position in life to a higher position. A concentration of wealth threatens to create a host of problems. Each of these points show that there are differences in life based on what kind of life one has ,thus demonstrating that class still exists. Social stratification it sets up a structure of roles for each person in the society and ensures that all the bases get covered. You need your share of laborers, executives, etc. In a free society this will be based on education and ability.If you are a certain status, you are expected to do certain things and you have a certain amount of social power. The system is rarely upset but in many societies you can change your status if you prove you deserve a certain social standing. According to Karl Marx, class differentiation is the crucial determinant of social, economic, and political inequality (Chapter 8 Module 26). How this relates to America is the top 1% of the population controls 43% and of the wealth and pays little to taxes while the shrinking middle class pays an unfair amount of taxes.There is an old saying that artists do not choose a form of art, but rather a form of art chooses them. This means that as people explore ways of doing creative work, they eventually find a way to which they are, for reasons hard to fathom, powerfully drawn. We ca n take this idea beyond the realm of art and observe that many people find a hobby, a sport, a craft, a topic of study, or a kind of work that seems naturally to compel their devotion. When this happens, people often strive with great intensity to acquire knowledge and skill.The opportunity for one to explore a hobby or subject one finds interesting depends on crucial social conditions such as : economic stability, environmental influences, values, and morals. This points to those who are positively influenced having the freedom to participate in activities of their choice. What difference does it make if a person never has the experience of being chosen by a form of activity? The person who is drawn to a certain skill, sport, or activity has achieved a sense of purpose with the desire to improve on and progress in that skill. On the other hand, those without that xperience have a tougher time deciding what to do in their lives as that motivation to excel is misguided without a set occupation, skill, or pastime. * Part 4 Seeing the world through others eyes is essential to gaining understanding on how the world truly works in addition to becoming a well-rounded individual. Such a mindset allows one to acknowledge injustice and inequality in the world along with the desire to abolish it. With the use of sociological imagination, individuals can properly examine how their actions as well as the actions of others affect society and even the world as a whole.This class has given me the advantage in respect to being socially responsible by surrounding me with a diverse collection of my peers, thus enhancing my social techniques in addition to learning more about myself in the process. With the introduction of the purple textbook, research project and online quizzes I learned valuable information about the world around me in ways I never could have imagined. This course has made me a better person with a new sense of empathy and social awareness. Sociology My thesis statement for my classification essay is these three core values of Honor, Courage, and Commitment can benefit our society if we influence and guide our children to live by righteousness by incorporating core values that will help them be a successful citizen. This thesis statement supports my topic of this for this essay. The topic I chose is In order for society to evolve and learn from its mistakes, we must teach our future generation to have values that affect society in a positive and influential way.The categories of lactation's will use to support my classification essay will be Honor, Courage, and commitment and the way these values can influence the development of children character in a positive way by understanding who they are, what they stand for, and where are they going in life. The point I will be trying to make will be that parent need to be leaders an there children lives because they are our future and without good values from their parent it can influenc es their children to make wrong decisions that untimely impacts our society in a negative way.As parents if we are able to connect with our children early on and allow them to discover themselves with positive reinforcement from core values we can help them succeed in life and challenges that can adversely challenge them. Am trying to pursue parents to start guiding and teaching core values to their children before they are influenced by negative values that can harm them in the long run. Therefore, my essay will address good core values that can be beneficial the children in a positive way. Sociology Sociology She asserts that people of color organizing often assumes a static framework surrounding liberation and oppression, and that this fallacious assumption transforms potentially-liberating work into self-consuming â€Å"oppression Olympics,† while keeping activists complicit in multiple forms of oppression (Smith 2006:66). Smith's main claim is that her alternative framework titled, â€Å"Three Pillars of White Supremacy'appropriately informs organizing efforts in communities of color due to TTS inclusive approach to distinct sources of oppression.She argues for a framework which multiply addresses the logic of â€Å"Slavery/Capitalism,† â€Å"Genocide/Colonialism,† and â€Å"Orientals/War† (Smith 2006:66). Her framework combats foundational logic which produce and reproduce oppression in communities. To support her claim, Smith provides evidence in the form of historic accounts and contemporary phenomena. She asserts, â€Å"The logic of slavery can be seen clearly in the current orison industrial complex† (Smith 2006:67).She cites several instances displaying the connection between forms of oppression and their implications for people of color organizing. In light of the evidence provided, Smith concludes by opening her main claim up to critique for scholars and activists while expressing belief in her framework as a starting place. She re-emphasizes a need for a new discourse in the politics of solidarity and argues that radical political and economic changes are necessary.

I just need a one page summary on an argument Essay

I just need a one page summary on an argument - Essay Example They hold that decisions made by individuals in their health are binding in the case they become terminally ill or incapacitated. For this reason, they support practices of advance directives, arguing that they do not pose any risks to patients (Levine, 2009). This further implies that advance directives do not in any way limit rights of patients. Patients have choices to make; meaning that those that do not wish to document their wishes at a time they are incapacitated can refrain from doing so. Arguments against advance directives hold that patients at their health may lack adequate information about advance directives, and they may, therefore, make hasty decisions without necessarily knowing how they would react in an incapacitation situation. In such a circumstance, patients’ autonomy in the context of advance directives is questioned. However, Steven Luttrell and Ann Sommerville argue that patients and people in general always make decisions without necessarily having adequate information about a situation. On the same note, judgment is used where experience lacks. Fundamentally, the directive cannot be implemented if the patient in his or her terminal illness changes his or her mind on earlier filed advance

Identification of Relevant and Irrelevant Cost - Coca Cola Flavored Essay

Identification of Relevant and Irrelevant Cost - Coca Cola Flavored Milk - Essay Example In the mid of 2007, the company underwent some serious planning regarding the extension of current product lines. Carbonated drinks, mineral water, fruit juices and other non-alcoholic beverages were already there in company’s product portfolio, yet the company realized the importance of adding a new product in the form of flavored milks. The launch of this new product under the name of Coca-Cola’s brand name is one of the most challenging tasks for the product managers as well as the project managers of the company. The research and development department of the company undertook rigorous workings on the proposed launch of flavored milk. The whole research process followed the different stages including planning, development of the new product, testing, commercial viability, branding, initial launch of the new product and many other activities. Each of these activities had its own cost estimates which are considered as either relevant or non-relevant. Planning Stage Th e planning stage is the general stage for all those products that are intended to be launched. The costs arising due to this activity are always considered as irrelevant because the planning process always keeps going on irrespective of the fact whether a new product is launched or not in the current timeframe. The general expenditure of Coca-Cola on account of its planning activity amounts to around $1 million annually. However, this cost is the general expense of the company and cannot be allocated to the product cost of flavored milk. Development Stage Once a basic formula is identified for one or more products, then development stage is commenced in order to create a better product. However, this activity is carried out for every product that can be produced by the company irrespective of the fact whether it would be launched by the company or not. As a result, the expenditures pertaining to this particular stage are considered to be irrelevant and assumed to be accounted for as the general research and development expenditures of the company. The rough estimates of Coca-Cola under this activity, ranges between $1 and $3 million depending upon the level of estimates. Testing Stage After the products are developed, there comes the next stage in which the products are gone through rigorous testing activities such that the products are tested in a real environment and timeframe. The taste, quality, odor, and other characteristics of the product are tested by the consumers as how they rate those products as per their own taste preferences. Since this process also occurs on uniform basis for every developed product, therefore the cost pertaining to testing is considered as irrelevant. Roughly estimates of this cost ranges around $0.5 million to$2 million a year and is expensed out on general basis. Commercial Viability Testing stage leads to the stage where the products are checked for their viability as to whether a particular product would be liked and accept ed by the consumers, concerns of distributers regarding the effective transportation of the product as the product is at its birth stage and with many other issues. This cost is the piercing cost among the relevant and irrelevant cost. It depends upon the policy of the company whether to account for this cost as a relevant or irrelevant cost. Branding After it is decided as to which product is going to be launched in the market, effective marketing strategies are formulated

English literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

English literature - Essay Example Motivated by her need to act and accept change, she finds out a religion known as Earthseed, which is said to be a religion of action, and it works against the existence of a literal God who creates, shapes, and controls reality. Finally, the group reaches Bankole’s land where they settle and form the first Earthseed community. Here they start teaching and practicing the Earthseed values and trying to accomplish their destiny of taking root among the stars. In the novel, The Parable of the Sower, Lauren Olamina is the protagonist, an African American teenager. Lauren resides in Robeldo, which is almost twenty miles from Los Angeles. Robeldo has turned out to be a walled closed society partly protected from the extensive lawlessness and distressed poverty that is beyond the walls of the neighborhood. When the inhabitants are murdered by gang of arsonists and thieves, Lauren is one of the few who survive. She decides to take action with several friends in a risky search for a better life. Butlers worrying tale is written in the form of Laurens journals, and this becomes an adventure story of an exploration of the negative trends in the American society that had become particularly palpable at the time the novel was written. In the Parable of the Sower, Butler’s criticism of religion emphasizes religion which, as I see it, in the novel is the source of the social problems, and this motivates one to talk about religion as viewed in the book. In the novel, Lauren criticizes the American Christian tradition. Lauren, who is the daughter of a Baptist teacher, has lost faith in her father’s God, the God of Christianity. Her feelings are clear in the novel when she writes, â€Å"At least three years ago, my father’s God stopped being my God. His church stopped being my church† (Butler 7). According to Lauren, the Christian God is nonsensical regardless of the environmental and social problems. She, therefore,

Character comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Character comparison - Essay Example In this story , the character Paul rides his rocking horse with an undying passion to bring luck and money to him ,so that he can help is mother in becoming wealthy. The son being at a tender age, asks naively his mother as to the reason for her unhappiness. However the mother is unable to give an appropriate answer to the child as to her reason for her unluckiness and unhappiness. The mother is greedy, and wants to reach the status of artistrocracy and lead a wealth life style which she is deeply missing in the current situation.The son being naive and caring for his mother, attempts to fulfill the wishes of his mother. The character of mother is not living in realism, but is attracted to the pompous life and riches. She never understood that life is not a game of money but something to be bound with love and happiness. The Paul in his innocence and kind heartedness, deliberately and desperately tries to help his mother in winning money. He has lived in a situation where his parents crave for money and it is the only things echoes in the house. His character and attitude is different than his mother, who is greedy and materialistic. Paul is in a stressful situation wants to earn money to bring about a peaceful situation at home. The mother is selfish, less caring, and is not attentive to her duty towards home and children. She is not keeping interest in the happiness of her children, but is only concentrating on the luxurious life she would lead when money pours in. Being elderly and experienced, the mother is unable to understand the subtle attitude of her son and depicts to be ignorant and cold hearted. The son her is acutely aware of his mother’s relentless desire for leading wealthy life style .Even when he is deprived of love and caring from his mother , he thinks selflessly for her and providing her with what she dreams for. The boy being hearing the want of money from his mother since early years of childhood only hears the words â€Å"There mus t be more money†. The boy undoubtedly wants to help is mother but is not selfish like her. He is a giving person and continuously rocks the horse and also makes handsome money with his clairvoyance in betting. The mother instead is drowned in the dream of acquiring money and is utterly forgotten the demand of love firing in the hearts of her children. The character of the son is more inquisitive in nature, as he is dissatisfied with the answer of his mother regarding her unlucky situation. This shows that the son is more of a thoughtful nature and wants to know the thinks very deeply. The mother’s character is very shallow and does not give importance to aspects like emotions and relationships. Here the son is shown to be more loving, caring, understanding and soulful person. The son in his effort to make money indulge in rocking horse to attain a clairvoyant state where he get intuition about horse race winning .The son is only thinking of his mother and rides the hors e all time to foresee winning clue in a desperate move to acquire money. This shows how thoughtful he is about his mother and how much he cares for her. However, both the characters are closely connected as they share blood relationship and live in the same house. The son and

Labor Relations and Their Effects in an Organization Research Paper

Labor Relations and Their Effects in an Organization - Research Paper Example Labor relations also termed as labor management define business that takes place between the labor unions and employers. There is usually a liaison between the management and the labor union. Large organizations go to the extent of employing a relation specialist to link up the labor union and management. Smaller organizations will have a human resource manager to link up the two. He can then present the interest of the labor unions to the management of the organization at hand. Labor relation activities include negotiation of contracts, employee grievances and complain arbitration, mediation and other business matters. The labor relations ensure that the interests of employees are well presented before the management. Labor union and labor relations impact significantly on an organization. The impact that this labor union and relations have on an organization depend on the relationship that exists between the management in the organization and the union representatives. In an organization that has skilled workers and trades people, there are excellent relations as they readily accept the union. These mean that they have been conditioned to expect these unions. It is, however, not always the case in all organizations as there are those that do not want to make concessions. Concessions apply during contract negotiations. If unions and management are ready to work together, then labor unions will have a great impact on organizations. There are negative and positive effects that accrue from the labor relations and unions that are brought about in the organization. Benefits that accrue to employees are many. Unions have seen wages for employees increased. The high wages also go to the underperforming employees attracting the wrong pool of workers in the organization.

Refrigerator, how does it work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refrigerator, how does it work - Research Paper Example This paper keenly discusses how refrigerator works as well as its history and associated design processes. Before the invention of the modern refrigerator, individuals used ice or snow to cool their food. One of the most known pioneers of the modern refrigerator was William Cullen. In 1748, Cullen invented the first refrigeration at the Glasgow University. Similarly, Oliver Evans, a renowned American inventor also contributed in the development of the refrigeration by inventing the vapor-compression refrigeration that was mostly used in 1805. The aim of this machine was to remove heat from substances by the process of recycling vaporized refrigerant. Another contributor in the early development of refrigerator was Jacob Evans. Through the use of vapor-compression, Evans invented the first refrigerator after making various improvements on Oliver designs. As the demand for the refrigeration increased, various scientists and doctors introduced other aspects that were focused at improvin g the refrigeration process. In 1913, Fred Wolf, introduced the refrigerators that were used in homes. This was followed by the introduction of a refrigeration unit in 1914 by Nathaniel, a well known engineer who was based in Michigan. In 1927, a refrigerator by the name Monitor-Top was introduced. Based on its improved design and effectiveness in storing food, Monitor-Top attracted high demand especially in US market. The technical improvements that occurred in refrigeration after the World War II led to the development of more efficient refrigerators in 1960s and 1970s. As the technology improves, modern refrigerators that stores food for a longer time have been introduced in the market. Another definition of refrigeration is cooling an item to a particular temperature that is usually lower that the room temperature where the refrigerator is situated. Apart from making the stored items cooler, refrigerator helps in halting the process of decaying that may take process due to chemi cal process (Balmer, 2011). In the modern societies, refrigerators are used in various ways. One of the most significant uses of refrigerators is storage. As mentioned earlier, before the invention of refrigeration food was stored under water. Even though this was effective method of storage, the lifespan of the food was not for a long time. After the invention of the refrigerator, it was possible to lower the temperatures such that food could be stored for a longer time. Another use of refrigerator is to think ahead. For example, in the modern times cooks and manufacturers can prepare food and store for later consumption. In the early times, food storage was a notable problem. Family meals can now be prepared when the prices of raw materials are low thus reducing the costs of preparing the food. Refrigerators are also used in transportation. Before the introduction of refrigerators, it was difficult to transport perishable products from one location to another. It was after the int roduction of the refrigerators that food could be stored in a cool place during the transit. Improved quality is another merit that was experienced after the invention of refrigerators. It is imperative to note that before the introduction of the refrigerators, quality food was produced only during specific times of the year for example when the temperatures were low. In

Is growth good for the poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Is growth good for the poor - Essay Example isting of the wealthy communities like the Netherlands and the England were the kind of nation, which lived a life compared to be equivalent to that of the Stone Age. In contrary the vast swath of humanity in South and East Asia, especially in Japan and China, eked out living conditions which were comparably significantly poorer than the living conditions of the cavemen (p. 17). The parameters of gauging the quality of life could not withstand the test of time and substantially no improvements were observable from any dimension: when the life expectancy was not higher than that of the hunters and gatherers in1800, just merely 30-35 years of age. Stature-the measure of how children are exposed to diseases and the quality of diet was gauged to be higher in the Stone Age than as compared to the 1800. In fact, the poor of 18th C, the kind of individuals who lived by providing unskilled labor alone, would be in a better off situation when transferred to the hunter-gatherer band. Even after the robust Industrial revolution prosperity has not been felt by every society. Material consumption in certain nations, especially in the Sub-Saharan Africa, is currently well below the Preindustrial era (Clark 237). It is believed that countries like Tanzania and Malawi would have been better off materially if the y could have continued with their preindustrial state and had no contact with the world industrialization process. The different nations have of late embraced the spirit of capitalism-the winner gets it all art, and therefore material well-being and social welfare of individuals are not components of the gauging parameters. Rapid growth in population across different nations has resulted to over dependency and exhaustion of the available resources, thus material improvement in quality of life. Unless justified from another perspective growth has not proved to be good to the poor, or it could be its taking long to prove substantial to the

The Issues on Rising Gas Prices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Issues on Rising Gas Prices - Research Paper Example As gas price increases continue to burden the people of the country, various groups and individuals have come up with their own analyses regarding its causes. The polarization of American society in terms of politics though has greatly tainted such analyses. Apparently, the purpose is to make the gas price increase issue another weapon for advancing political causes. The lack of in-depth analysis and the tendency to immediately react to the issue without taking the necessary research has led to a very superficial understanding of the origins of gas price increases. There is the belief that â€Å"the major causes of high gas prices include the increased demand for oil in places like China and India, high gasoline taxes, civil unrest in Venezuela, the war in the Middle East, political instability in Nigeria, and too few refineries in the US†. A quick glance at this list of supposed causes would lead one to believe that gas price increases are largely triggered by external condit ions. Dart also the points out that environmental regulations and opposition to oil exploration in certain parts of Alaska and the Gulf of Mexico are additional reasons why gas prices are increasing. Higher demand in the midst of low supply may indeed pull up the prices. It is also easy to recognize the fact that if Dart’s perspective of the major causes of gas price increase is to be believed, a host of other problems may also arise. It is clear that wrong analysis of problems can lead to wrong solutions, which may be more disastrous than the issue that these may be meant to resolve.

Client’s Advocacy Essay Example for Free

Client’s Advocacy Essay Abstract Advocacy is an important aspect of every counselor’s role; therefore, counselors need to help remove environmental barriers that hamper client’s well-being by increasing the client’s sense of personal power and to foster environmental changes that reflect greater responsiveness to client’s sense of personal needs. Outreach, empowerment, social justice, and social action are all apart of advocacy. Counselors need to help the client prevent psychological distress by helping them develop resources and strengths while reducing negative influences. There are three models: the wheel of wellness model, the indivisible self- model, and advocacy. These models emphasize the importance of enhancing individual strengths and environmental resources and decreasing individual limitations and social stresses. Sally Jo Jacobs, 34, Female client whom is Caucasian and divorced with four children and two living at home, youngest is living in Arizona with his Father, her ex-husband She hasnt seen him since 03. She is divorced from him because he was abusive to her physically and mentally. Her oldest son is living In Seattle and working, going to college, and has his own radio show from the college at Green River Community College. Client has one older sister, who lives in Alabama, which is on her 5th marriage due to her inability to deal with the abuse sustained when they were growing up. The client has two younger brothers, who were abused, but not sexually by their father. Her and her children are now living in the area with no family support or even communication with her parents. Client states she has a violent relationship with her father. Client states her relationship with her mother is on and off. The client was referred by her regular Physician for depression and unable to come up with healthy coping skills. The client doesnt drink but twice a month, quit smoking in 03, doesnt gamble, doesnt do street drugs, but is on prescription drugs due to chronic pain from a previous work injury and her physical abusive ex-husband. She loved working on cars and trucks, roller skating, going 4x4ing, gardening and yard work. She states that she has a very limited ability to do these things she loved to do and is having a hard time dealing with the fact that she can no longer do the things she loved to do. Client states she is taking Percocet 7.5 325 mg, 6 pills in a 24 hour period of time, Cymbalta 60mg in the morning, Flexerall,10 mg and a sleep aid at night. It is important for the counselor to be aware of what medications the client is on in order to help in the relation to the client’s well-being. Client states that she has nothing to do and she thinks about what happened when she was growing up with the abuse and her accident on a constant basis, which leads her to depression. She says that when she was growing up there was sexual and mental abuse by her father, that her father abused her and her sister when their mom was working or out bowling. She has very specific memories, she remembers from when she was in a crib to her last day of high school, which was the last time her father touched her in an inappropriate manner. â€Å"Childhood abuse and neglect may be markers for other factors that have an impact on the developing child or may share with PTSD a common origin in a disrupted and disorganized childhood. Another concern is that previous research has suggested that abused and neglected children are at increased risk for early behavior problems and conduct disorder. Behavior problems in childhood or adolescence may be associated with increased risk for engaging in risk y behaviors. In turn, such behaviors may lead to increased risk of exposure to traumatic events and to subsequent PTSD. A third possibility is that childhood victimization may be associated with PTSD through its effect on a persons lifestyle, which places the person more or less at risk for exposure to traumatic events and, ultimately, PTSD. PTSD, such as low levels of education and extroversion, that serve to expose individuals to social roles and environments associated with high risk for victimization. (Cathy, 1999.). This learner believes that she stayed in abusive and unhealthy relationships because of what her father did to her as a child and now she is experiencing depression and PTSD. The goal of this client is to empower her to solve her problems independently by helping her understand herself and to help her have the ability to problem-solve. The counselor needs to spend time assessing the seriousness of the concern presented to her and provide structure to the counseling process (such as understanding the conditions, procedures, and nature of counseling), and helping the client take initiat ive in the change process. The goal for this client is to get her help for her depression with tools and education to help her work through what her father and ex-husband have put her through. My first priority is to build trust, rapport, and be able to set goals and design a treatment plan for change. The counselor will need to build up her psychological health by helping her build coping skills, self-esteem, social support, personal power, problem solving skills, self- care, sense of humor, sense of control, sense of worth, and stress management. Because of her abuse, she has developed depression and stress. The prevention programs the counselor needs to use for this client to help with stress is identifying the source of the stress, recognizing the physical and emotional consequences of stress, and learning and implementing adaptive coping responses. Strength-based Wellness counseling interventions may help abused survivors develop coping skills to enhance both overall quality of life and everyday functioning across multiple domains, while also providing a healthy foundation from which to explore and reframe their abuse experience. One of the most common interventions with adult women survivors is trauma-focused, or exposure-based, treatment, where the sexual abuse experience is reviewed in some way. Trauma focused interventions are based on the notion that the meaning attach[ed] to the abuse, as well as the personal impact, is imbedded in the details of the experience And therefore requires in-depth review of the abuse experience (Hodges Myers, 2010). Fostering positive growth is an appropriate therapeutic goal: posttraumatic growth increases positive feelings of self, self-efficacy, and resiliency, which lay the foundation for continued Improvement in other areas of life. Wellness-focused interventions offer clients a positive lens for viewing their strengths and strategies for using those strengths to cope with the issues created by their sexual abuse history. Wellness-focused interventions validate the individual and the fact that the important thing is not why the individual survived but how. Advocacy is an important factor in every counselor’s role and it serves two purposes: to increase client’s sense of personal power and to foster environmental changes that reflect greater responsiveness to client’s personal needs (Gladding Newsome, 2010). In order to help the client with advocacy, I would join the Montana Coalition against domestic and sexual violence and get my client guidance through them. The Montana Coalition Against Domestic Sexual Violence (MCADSV) is a statewide coalition of individuals and organizations working together to end domestic and sexual violence through advocacy, public education, public policy, and pro gram development. Our mission is to support and facilitate networking among our member organizations while advocating for social change in Montana. Currently, MCADSV represents over 50 programs across Montana that provides direct services to victims and survivors of domestic and sexual violence and their children. In addition, the membership includes other nonprofit and government organizations and individuals (professionals and members of the general public) who are interested in addressing domestic and sexual violence in a way that holds offenders accountable and provides support for the people they victimize. Our membership is open to anyone who is in accord with their philosophy. Their philosophy is â€Å"We base our actions and interactions on the following basic tenets; we advocate for policy that supports and/or forwards them; and we work to increase public awareness on issues related to them. We believe all women have the right to live a life free of violence or the threat of violence. Women have the right to freedom from violations of their personal autonomy and physical integrity on the street, in the home, at the workplace, and in the Coalition. Furthermore, women should not have to restrict their freedom of movement, their bodies, or their activities in order to be safe. We believe all women have the right to make their own decisions regarding sexual and reproductive matters, lifestyles, finances, education, and employment. We believe religious beliefs and practices are a matter of personal conscience and individual choice, and a Montana Coalition member shall neither promote nor discourage a particular religious belief in the course of his or her work. We believe classism, racism, ableism, ageism, homophobia (and all forms of elitism) are attitudes that serve to divide people who might otherwise join forces. As such, they interfere with women’s ability to pool their efforts and reach their full potential. Our membership is open to people of all backgrou nds. Furthermore, survivors of violence represent an essential constituency in our movement, and the Montana Coalition strongly encourages full participation by and equity for survivors† (MSADSV, 2010). MSADSV’s goals are to eliminate all forms of oppression, provide support and networking opportunities and training, and to encourage increased awareness and understanding of domestic and sexual violence and the concerns of survivors and to explore and support innovative policy approaches to issues related to domestic and sexual violence. This website has a lot of information for the client to get additional help and tools for her recovery. During the advocacy with the client, the counselor needs to be compassionate and show commitment in order to provide motivation to take action. The counselor needs to use verbal and non-verbal skills in order to be an effective counselor. Some skills the counselor needs to have is integrity, flexibility, empathy, patience, persistence, and resourcefulness. The client needs to have outreach, empowerment, social justice, and social action. Outreach involves reaching out to vulnerable populations in the community and helping clients find new ways to cope with the stressors. Empowerment is a process which the client gains resources and skills they will need to have more control over their environments and lives. Empowerment is important in this case because it helps the abused woman become aware of inappropriate use of power and privilege that her partner was claiming. Social justice is promoting access and equity to ensure full participation of all people in the life of a society as well as a belief system that values fair and equal treatment for all members of society. Social action derives from the belief system, resulting in the actions taken to promote equal rights. The counselor is involved in confronting barriers faced by clients. Abusive relationships has a significant and pervasive impact on individuals, producing a variety of mental, emotional, relational, physical, and trauma symptoms. Most therapeutic interventions focus primarily on reliving or retelling, in great detail, the sexual abuse experience. However, many clients lack a positive sense of self, an internal focus of control, and an ability to view the abuse as only part of which they are rather than the defining elements. Through a focus on Wellness factors, therapists can help adult women recognize their strengths and use them both in and outside of sessions to create and sustain positive lifestyle change. Helping clients experience positive outcomes of Wellness choices is empowering and facilitates their ability to invest in and cope with the healing process. Considering the multiple challenges many survivors bring to counseling, these outcomes are extremely important. A wellness-based intervention may increase self-efficacy, resiliency, and awareness of healthy coping skills, resulting in positive changes in everyday functioning. Such changes are inherently helpful to the survival process and can offer survivors valuable tools with which to approach future experiences. Therapists need to consider symptom presentation and prioritize the goals for therapy accordingly. Once safety is established, therapists and clients can incorporate a Wellness intervention into a range of treatment options, positive growth can occur simultaneously with distressing emotions. As with any therapeutic intervention, the therapist must continually assess the clients experience with the intervention and alter interventions when necessary. References Cathy, S. W. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(8), 1223-9. http://search.proquest.com/docview/220471620?accountid=27965 Gladding, S.T., Newsome, D.W. (2010). Clinical Mental Health Counseling in a Community and Agency Setting. (3rd Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education. Hodges, E. A., Myers, J. E. (2010). Counseling Adult Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Benefits of a Wellness Approach. Journal Of Mental Health Counseling, 32(2), 139-153. Montana Coalition Against Domestic Sexual Violence (2010). Retrieved from- http://mcadsv.com/